Glycolysis Process-Function Links: Difference between revisions
(New page: '''Initial comments:''' GO term:glycolysis GO id:GO:0006096 Definition:The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a monosaccharide (generally glucose) into pyruv...) |
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Definition:The main pathway for anaerobic degradation of carbohydrates. Starch or glycogen is hydrolyzed to glucose 1-phosphate and then through a series of intermediates, yielding two ATP molecules per glucose and producing either pyruvate (which feeds into the tricarboxylic acid cycle) or lactate. | Definition:The main pathway for anaerobic degradation of carbohydrates. Starch or glycogen is hydrolyzed to glucose 1-phosphate and then through a series of intermediates, yielding two ATP molecules per glucose and producing either pyruvate (which feeds into the tricarboxylic acid cycle) or lactate. | ||
comment from Chris: surely this is a problem? Surely EM pathway should be an is_a child of anaerobic glycolysis? I would expect:Glycolysis+ Aerobic+ Anaerobiv++ EM pathway++ ???Genus differentia definitions definitely help! | comment from Chris: surely this is a problem? Surely EM pathway should be an is_a child | ||
of anaerobic glycolysis? I would expect: | |||
Glycolysis+ Aerobic+ Anaerobiv++ EM pathway++ ???Genus differentia definitions definitely help! | |||
Note that Reactome begins glycolysis with G6P to F6P in both plants and | comment from Midori: I'm not so sure -- looking at MetaCyc's pathways and synonyms, | ||
I think it's possible that it's the existing GO term names and text definitions that are off. | |||
We should investigate what "Embden-Meyerhof pathway" really refers to. | |||
comment from Peter: Of the reliable biochemitry textbooks I know, only two use the | |||
term "Embden-Meyerhoff pathway", and both use it as an exact synonym for glycolysis: | |||
Stryer "Biochemistry" 4th ed (1995) - page 484. "The complete glycolytic pathway was | |||
elucidated in 1940 ... . Glycolysis is also known as the Embden-Meyerhof pathway." | |||
Metzler "Biochemistry" (1977) - page 540. "The sequence of reactions in glycolysis | |||
(the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway) soon became clear." | |||
Note that Reactome begins glycolysis with G6P to F6P in both plants and animals, as does your series of steps below. So there is no disagreement? Just checking. | |||
comment from Peter: The only CURATED version of glycolysis in Reactome is the | |||
human one, and that one does in fact begin from glucose. Any statements in Reactome | |||
about glycolysis for other species, e.g., Arabidopsis or Oryza (rice) are | |||
electronically inferred from the human pathway on the basis of existence of | |||
(apparently) homologous proteins in the other species. | |||
Actually, most of the steps of GO:0019641 are included in glycolysis, but not the first steps | Actually, most of the steps of GO:0019641 are included in glycolysis, but not the first steps | ||
That is: EM pathway has parts that are not necessarily held by | That is: EM pathway has parts that are not necessarily held by glycolysis | ||
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I believe that what happens to the pyruvate aftewards should not be grouped into glycolysis. | I believe that what happens to the pyruvate aftewards should not be grouped into glycolysis. | ||
comment from Midori: I agree! | |||
In mammals, pyruvate can be disposed of in two ways | In mammals, pyruvate can be disposed of in two ways | ||
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This goes on to the TCA cycle | This goes on to the TCA cycle | ||
comment from Peter: Or into de novo syntheis of long-chain fatty acids (that's how | |||
a high-calorie, low-fat diet makes you fat). These multiple possible functionally | |||
diverse fates of pyruvate are a good rationale for calling pyruvate the end product | |||
of glycolysis. | |||
There should be a term in BP for this | There should be a term in BP for this | ||
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Pyruvate + CO2 + ATP = Oxaloacetate + ADP + PI | Pyruvate + CO2 + ATP = Oxaloacetate + ADP + PI | ||
Oxoaloacetate condenses with Acetyl-CoA in the | comment from Peter: True, but this is a reaction of gluconeogenesis (de novo glucose | ||
synthesis), not of glycolysis (glucose catabolism) and in a normal human or chicken | |||
(or, probably, mouse or rat), the pyruvate molecules that undergo carboxylation to | |||
form oxaloacetate do not derive directly from glucose, but rather are generated by | |||
transamination of alanine or by import and oxidation of lactate. | |||
Oxoaloacetate condenses with Acetyl-CoA in the 1st step of the TCA cycle, to give citrate. | |||
Again, these are not part of glycolysis, but are involved in what to do with the pyruvate once formed. | Again, these are not part of glycolysis, but are involved in what to do with the pyruvate once formed. | ||
[[Category:Function-Process]] |
Latest revision as of 14:39, 13 October 2008
Initial comments:
GO term:glycolysis
GO id:GO:0006096
Definition:The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a monosaccharide (generally glucose) into pyruvate, with the concomitant production of a small amount of ATP. Pyruvate may be converted to ethanol, lactate, or other small molecules, or fed into the TCA cycle.
Comment from Chris: If it is NOT glucose, then do the has_part relations below still hold?)
This has two is_a children:
GO term:anaerobic glycolysis
Synonym: modifed Embden-Meyerhof pathway
GO id:GO:0019642 Definition: NONE GIVEN!!!
and
GO term:Embden-Meyerhof pathway
Synonym: Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway
GO id:GO:0019641
Definition:The main pathway for anaerobic degradation of carbohydrates. Starch or glycogen is hydrolyzed to glucose 1-phosphate and then through a series of intermediates, yielding two ATP molecules per glucose and producing either pyruvate (which feeds into the tricarboxylic acid cycle) or lactate.
comment from Chris: surely this is a problem? Surely EM pathway should be an is_a child of anaerobic glycolysis? I would expect: Glycolysis+ Aerobic+ Anaerobiv++ EM pathway++ ???Genus differentia definitions definitely help!
comment from Midori: I'm not so sure -- looking at MetaCyc's pathways and synonyms, I think it's possible that it's the existing GO term names and text definitions that are off. We should investigate what "Embden-Meyerhof pathway" really refers to.
comment from Peter: Of the reliable biochemitry textbooks I know, only two use the term "Embden-Meyerhoff pathway", and both use it as an exact synonym for glycolysis: Stryer "Biochemistry" 4th ed (1995) - page 484. "The complete glycolytic pathway was elucidated in 1940 ... . Glycolysis is also known as the Embden-Meyerhof pathway." Metzler "Biochemistry" (1977) - page 540. "The sequence of reactions in glycolysis (the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway) soon became clear."
Note that Reactome begins glycolysis with G6P to F6P in both plants and animals, as does your series of steps below. So there is no disagreement? Just checking.
comment from Peter: The only CURATED version of glycolysis in Reactome is the human one, and that one does in fact begin from glucose. Any statements in Reactome about glycolysis for other species, e.g., Arabidopsis or Oryza (rice) are electronically inferred from the human pathway on the basis of existence of (apparently) homologous proteins in the other species.
Actually, most of the steps of GO:0019641 are included in glycolysis, but not the first steps
That is: EM pathway has parts that are not necessarily held by glycolysis
There are several ways to get G-6P, actually two basic ways; either from free glcose
a. Hexokinase: G + ATP -> G-6P
b. Glycogen Phosphorylase catalyzes phosphorolytic cleavage of the a(1®4) glycosidic linkages of glycogen, releasing glucose-1-phosphate as the reaction product. Phosphoglucomutase then catalyzes the reversible reaction: Glucose-1-phosphate to Glucose-6-phosphate; so hexokinase is not used here; thus, I do not count hexokinase as a required step in what we call glycolysis.
c. Starch; muliple glucose linked with 1-4 alpha, aka soluble starch, is broken down via alpha-amylase into maltose (2 subunits of glucose) and then further broken down to glucose, which then is activated via reaction “a”
d. cellulose: beta 1-4 links; bacteria and plants, and fungi: glycoside hydrolases.
Some textbooks include hexokinase as a step in glycolysis,but note that it is not the only way to get G6P, and therefore, I start glycolysis after hexokinase.
Glycolysis :
Step 1Is it worthwhile recording reactome IDs for each step?. conversion of glucose 6-PO4 into fructose 6-PO4
GO term:glucose-6-phosphate isomerase activity
Synonyms: D-glucose-6-phosphate aldose-ketose-isomerase activity, D-glucose-6-phosphate ketol-isomerase activity, glucose phosphate isomerase activity, hexose monophosphate isomerase, activity, hexose phosphate isomerase activity,hexosephosphate isomerase activity, oxoisomerase activity, phosphoglucoisomerase activity, phosphoglucose isomerase activity, phosphohexoisomerase activity, phosphohexomutase activity, phosphohexose isomerase activity, phosphosaccharomutase activity
GO id:GO:0004347
Definition:Catalysis of the reaction: D-glucose 6-phosphate = D-fructose 6-phosphate.
Step 2. conversion of fructose-6P to fructose1,6P
GO term:6-phosphofructokinase activity
GO id:GO:0003872
Definition:Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + D-fructose 6-phosphate = ADP + D-fructose 1,6-bisphosphate.
Step 3.convert the 6-carbon unit to two 3-carbon units
GO term:fructose-bisphosphate aldolase activity
Synonym: 1,6-diphosphofructose aldolase activity, aldolase activity, D-fructose-1,6-bisphosphate D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate-lyase (glycerone-phosphate-forming)
GO id:GO:0004332
Definition:Catalysis of the reaction: D-fructose 1,6-bisphosphate = glycerone phosphate (aka dihydroxyacetone -P) + D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate.
Step 4. how to convert all 3-C units to 3Glyceraldehyde-P
GO term:triose-phosphate isomerase activity
Synonym: phosphotriose isomerase activity, triose phosphate mutase activity, triose phosphoisomerase activity, triosephosphate isomerase activity, triosephosphate mutase activity
GO id:GO:0004807
Definition:Catalysis of the reaction: D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate = glycerone phosphate.
5. Convert the 3 Glyceraldehyde P to 1,3GP (ak 1,3 diphosphoglyceric acid) from inorganic phosphate
GO term:glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (phosphorylating) activity
Synonym: 3-phosphoglyceraldehyde dehydrogenase activity, GAPDH activity, glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase (NAD), glyceraldehyde-3-P-dehydrogenase activity, NAD-dependent glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity
GO id:GO:0004365
Definition:Catalysis of the reaction: D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + phosphate + NAD+ = 3-phospho-D-glyceroyl phosphate + NADH + H+. (aka1,3 diphosphoglyceric acid)
Step 6. Now need take 1,3 diphosphoglyceric acid and make ATP and 3 phosphoglyceric acid (3GP)
GO term:phosphoglycerate kinase activity
Synonym: 3-PGK, 3-phosphoglycerate kinase activity,3-phosphoglycerate phosphokinase activity, 3-phosphoglyceric acid kinase activity, 3-phosphoglyceric acid phosphokinase activity, 3-phosphoglyceric kinase activity, glycerate 3-phosphate kinase activity, glycerophosphate kinase activity,PGK, phosphoglyceric acid kinase activity, phosphoglyceric kinase activity, phosphoglycerokinase activity
GO id:GO:0004618
Definition:Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + 3-phospho-D-glycerate = ADP + 3-phospho-D-glyceroyl phosphate (aka 1,3 diphosphoglyceric acid
Step 7 Now take 3GP and convert it to 2GP
GO term:phosphoglycerate mutase activity
Synonym: bisphosphoglyceromutase,D-phosphoglycerate 2,3-phosphomutase activity, diphosphoglycomutase, GriP mutase, monophosphoglycerate mutase activity, monophosphoglyceromutase activity, MPGM, PGA mutase activity, PGAM activity, PGM, phosphoglycerate phosphomutase activity, phosphoglyceromutase activity
GO id:GO:0004619
Definition:Catalysis of the reaction: 2-phospho-D-glycerate = 3-phospho-D-glycerate.
Step 8. Now take 2GP and make it PEP (phosphopyruvate)
GO term:phosphopyruvate hydratase activity
Synonym: 14-3-2-protein, 2-phospho-D-glycerate hydro-lyase (phosphoenolpyruvate-forming), 2-phosphoglycerate enolase activity, 2-phosphoglyceric dehydratase activity,enolase activity
GO id:GO:0004634
Definition:Catalysis of the reaction: 2-phospho-D-glycerate = phosphoenolpyruvate + H2O.
9: Convert PEP to pyruvate and get 1 ATP out
GO term:pyruvate kinase activity
Synonym: ATP:pyruvate 2-O-phosphotransferase activity,phosphoenol transphosphorylase activity, phosphoenolpyruvate kinase activity
GO id:GO:0004743
Definition:Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + pyruvate = ADP + phosphoenolpyruvate.
Reverse reaction occurs in glycolysis. I think we have to consider the implications of this.
This is the last step of glycolysis shared by all the various subtypes of glycolysis‚
In anaerobic systems, pyruvate cannot be further oxidized.
In yeast, pyruvate is converted to acetaldehyde by pyruvate decarboxylase, and then ethanol is produced from acetaldehyde and NADH (the reverse reaction of alchohol deydrogenase).
I believe that what happens to the pyruvate aftewards should not be grouped into glycolysis.
comment from Midori: I agree!
In mammals, pyruvate can be disposed of in two ways
anaerobically:
Pyruvate + NADH is converted to lactate +NAD (reverse of lactate dehydrogenase).
or Aerobically:
pyruvate dehydrogenase
Pyruvate + NAD+ CoA = Acetyl-CoA +NADH+CO2
This goes on to the TCA cycle
comment from Peter: Or into de novo syntheis of long-chain fatty acids (that's how a high-calorie, low-fat diet makes you fat). These multiple possible functionally diverse fates of pyruvate are a good rationale for calling pyruvate the end product of glycolysis.
There should be a term in BP for this
(or, pyruvate can carboxylated (PDC) t
Pyruvate + CO2 + ATP = Oxaloacetate + ADP + PI
comment from Peter: True, but this is a reaction of gluconeogenesis (de novo glucose synthesis), not of glycolysis (glucose catabolism) and in a normal human or chicken (or, probably, mouse or rat), the pyruvate molecules that undergo carboxylation to form oxaloacetate do not derive directly from glucose, but rather are generated by transamination of alanine or by import and oxidation of lactate.
Oxoaloacetate condenses with Acetyl-CoA in the 1st step of the TCA cycle, to give citrate. Again, these are not part of glycolysis, but are involved in what to do with the pyruvate once formed.