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IGI: Inferred from Genetic Interaction
IGI: Inferred from Genetic Interaction


   • Genetic interactions involving two or more mutations that result in suppression or enhancement of a given phenotype, synergistic (synthetic) interaction, etc.
   • Genetic interactions involving two or more mutations that result in suppression or enhancement of a given phenotype, also
    synergistic (synthetic) interactions
   • Co-transfection experiments in which two or more genes are expressed in a heterologous system to assess functional interaction
   • Co-transfection experiments in which two or more genes are expressed in a heterologous system to assess functional interaction
   • Expression of one gene alters the phenotypic outcome of a mutation in another gene; the two genes may or may not be from the same species. In the literature, these types of experiments are variably referred to as:
   • Expression of one gene alters the phenotypic outcome of a mutation in another gene; the two genes may or may not be from the same  
            Functional complementation  
    species. In the literature, these types of experiments are variably referred to as:
            Rescue experiments
      Functional complementation  
            Suppression
      Rescue experiments
      Suppression


   The IGI evidence code is used for annotations based on experiments reporting the effects of perturbations in the sequence or       
   The IGI evidence code is used for annotations based on experiments reporting the effects of perturbations in the sequence or       
   expression of one or more genes or gene products.  IGI is also used for experiments that interrogate functional interactions  
   expression of one or more genes or gene products.  IGI is also used for experiments that interrogate functional interactions  
   between two or more genes or gene products when co-expressed, for example, in a cell line.  Additional uses of IGI include  
   between two or more genes or gene products when co-expressed, for example, in a cell line.  Additional uses of IGI include  
   functional complementation experiments, phenotypic rescue, and inferences made about one gene drawn from the phenotype of mutations
   experiments in which the expression of one gene affects the phenotypic outcome of a mutation in another gene.
  in a different gene (?).


   Key to deciding whether or not to use the IGI or IMP (Inferred from Mutant Phenotype) evidence code is consideration of the point
   Key to deciding whether or not to use the IGI or IMP (Inferred from Mutant Phenotype) evidence code is consideration of the point
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   SRBC-66 G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway (GO:0007186) PMID:19797623 IGI SRBC-64
   SRBC-66 G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway (GO:0007186) PMID:19797623 IGI SRBC-64


   '''Functional complementation'''
   '''Expression of one gene affects the phenotype of a mutation in another gene'''
   Functional complementation refers to experiments in which a gene from one species complements a mutation in another. For
   These types of experiments are described in various ways in the published literature, but generally involve expressing a wild-type
  these annotations, the With/From column should list the identifier for the endogenous gene that is complemented by the  
  copy of one gene in the background of a mutation in a second, different gene to determine if the expressed gene can mask the
   heterologously expressed gene being annotated. In annotations from cross-species functional complementation experiments, the gene
   phenotype of the mutated gene. The two genes may or may not be from the same species.  When genes from different species are
   referred to in the With/From column will thus be from a different species than the gene being annotated.
   analyzed it is often with the intent of demonstrating functional conservation between species.


  '''Genes from different species'''
   '''Example'''
   '''Example'''
   ''C. elegans'' contains two genes, lgg-1 and lgg-2, with sequence similarity to the ''Saccharomyces cerevisiae'' ubiquitin-like  
   ''C. elegans'' contains two genes, lgg-1 and lgg-2, with sequence similarity to the ''Saccharomyces cerevisiae'' ubiquitin-like  
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   complement budding yeast atg8.
   complement budding yeast atg8.


   lgg-1 macroautophagy (GO:0016236) PMID:20523114 IGI atg8
   lgg-1 (''C. elegans'') macroautophagy (GO:0016236) PMID:20523114 IGI atg8 (''S. cerevisiae'')


   '''Rescue experiments'''
   For these annotations, the With/From column should list the identifier for the endogenous gene that is complemented by the
   One way in which functional interactions between two or more genes is assessed is through phenotypic rescue experiments. In these
   heterologously expressed gene being annotated. In annotations from cross-species functional complementation experiments, the gene  
  experiments, the expression of one gene is used to complement, or rescue, the mutant phenotype resulting from mutations in a second
  referred to in the With/From column will thus be from a different species than the gene being annotated.
  gene.  Rescue experiments may be used to help determine the order in which gene products act within a biological pathway or process.


  '''Different genes from the same species'''
   '''Example'''
   '''Example'''
   The planar cell polarity pathway is critical for a number of biological processes including epidermal wound repair.  Activity of  
   The planar cell polarity pathway is critical for a number of biological processes including epidermal wound repair.  Activity of  
Line 105: Line 107:
   ARHGEF19 positive regulation of actin cytoskeleton organization (GO:0032956) PMID:20643356 IGI GRHL3
   ARHGEF19 positive regulation of actin cytoskeleton organization (GO:0032956) PMID:20643356 IGI GRHL3
   GRHL3 positive regulation of actin cytoskeleton organization (GO:0032956) PMID:20643356 IGI ARHGEF119
   GRHL3 positive regulation of actin cytoskeleton organization (GO:0032956) PMID:20643356 IGI ARHGEF119
  Note that rescue experiments may be used to help determine the order in which gene products act within a biological pathway or
  process.
  '''Different genes from the same species'''
  Localized assembly of a filamentous actin (F-actin) network at the leading edge of ''D. discoideum'' cells is required for proper
  chemotaxis towards the cAMP chemoattractant.  The organization of actin filaments is regulated by intracellular pH; an increase in
  pH is necessary for chemotaxis and required the Na+/H+ exchanger ''Ddnhe1''.  Expression of ''DdAip1'', the ''D. discoideum''
  ortholog of Actin-interacting protein 1, suppresses the chemotaxis defect of ''Ddnhe1'' mutants by restoring the F-actin netowrk,
  thus illustrating ''DdAip1'''s role in actin filament polymerization.
  aip1 actin filament polymerization (GO:0030041) PMID:20668166 IGI nhe1
 


   '''When NOT to use IGI'''
   '''When NOT to use IGI'''
  '''A mutation in one gene product affects some property of another gene product - use annotation extensions'''
   Some experiments assess a functional interaction between one or more gene products by examining the effects that mutations in one
   Some experiments assess a functional interaction between one or more gene products by examining the effects that mutations in one
   gene have on the properties of another.  These types of experiments are annotated using the IMP (Inferred from Mutant Phenotype)  
   gene have on the properties of another.  These types of experiments are annotated using the IMP (Inferred from Mutant Phenotype)  
   evidence code and the target, or affected gene product, may be captured as an Annotation Extension.  The key here is that the  
   evidence code and the target, or affected gene product, may be captured as an Annotation Extension.  The key here is that the  
   genetic perturbation is directed at only one of the gene products in the experiment.  For example, treatment of cells with GSK3B  
   genetic perturbation is directed at only one of the gene products in the experiment.  
  antagonists results in nuclear accumulation of the GATA6 transcription factor.  This experiment indicates that GSK3B negatively
 
  regulates GATA6 localization.   
   For example, treatment of cells with GSK3B antagonists results in nuclear accumulation of the GATA6 transcription factor.  This  
  experiment indicates that GSK3B negatively regulates GATA6 localization.   


   GSK3B negative regulation of protein localization to nucleus (GO:1900181) PMID:23624080 transports_or_maintains_localization_of  
   GSK3B negative regulation of protein localization to nucleus (GO:1900181) PMID:23624080 transports_or_maintains_localization_of  
   GATA6
   GATA6
  '''Expression of a gene is used to restore the normal function of the same gene'''
  Evidence for a gene's role in a given biological process can be evaluated by expression of a wild-type copy of the gene to "rescue"
  the phenotype of a mutation in that gene.  These experiments, since they involve the same gene, are not considered genetic
  interactions and may instead be used to support an IMP annotation.
  For example, loss-of-function mutations in the ''C. elegans'' phosphoinositol-5-phosphatase ''inpp-1'' exhibit defective Ca2+
  signaling in the AWA chemosensory neuron in response to odorant stimulus.  Expression of ''inpp-1'' from a genomic fosmid clone
  or from an AWA-specific promoter restores the wild-type AWA-mediated odorant response.
  inpp-1 response to odorant (GO:1990834) IMP
  '''Expression of a miRNA's effects on a target gene via a reporter assay"
  A reporter assay is a common way to determine the target(s) of a miRNA. The 3'UTR of an mRNA containing specific miRNA binding sites
  fused to a reporter gene is transfected into cells together with the miRNA. If the mRNA is a bona fide target the miRNA binds to and
  reduces the expression of the reporter gene.  The assay is assessing the action of the miRNA on the target, not how the two entities
  work together to affect some process, therefore the evidence code should not be IGI. Since the effect of the miRNA can be determined
  without any perturbation, the evidence code used is IDA. Often the authors will perform a perturbation experiment as well, but this
  is not required to see the effect of the miRNA on the target.
  For example, in luciferase reporter assays with a construct containing a full-length Snai1 3′UTR sequence, miR-133 transfection
  strongly repressed the luciferase activity by 60%. Mutations of either predicted miR-133-binding site in the Snai1 3′UTR reduced the
  responsiveness to miR-133, which was almost absent with mutations of both sites, suggesting direct binding of miR-133 to both sites
  (Fig​.4C).
  Human miR-133a  mRNA binding involved in posttranscriptional gene silencing (GO:1903231) PMID:24920580 IDA has_direct_input SNAI1
  Human miR-133a  gene silencing by miRNA (GO:0035195) PMID:24920580 IDA regulates_expression_of SNAI1
 




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[[Category: Annotation Working Group]]
[[Category: Evidence Codes‏‎]]

Latest revision as of 05:50, 16 April 2019

IGI: Inferred from Genetic Interaction

 • Genetic interactions involving two or more mutations that result in suppression or enhancement of a given phenotype, also 
   synergistic (synthetic) interactions
 • Co-transfection experiments in which two or more genes are expressed in a heterologous system to assess functional interaction
 • Expression of one gene alters the phenotypic outcome of a mutation in another gene; the two genes may or may not be from the same 
   species. In the literature, these types of experiments are variably referred to as:
     Functional complementation 
     Rescue experiments
     Suppression
 The IGI evidence code is used for annotations based on experiments reporting the effects of perturbations in the sequence or       
 expression of one or more genes or gene products.  IGI is also used for experiments that interrogate functional interactions 
 between two or more genes or gene products when co-expressed, for example, in a cell line.  Additional uses of IGI include 
 experiments in which the expression of one gene affects the phenotypic outcome of a mutation in another gene.
 Key to deciding whether or not to use the IGI or IMP (Inferred from Mutant Phenotype) evidence code is consideration of the point
 of reference (i.e., what is being compared) to determine a possible interaction.  If experiments interrogate the effects of 
 multiple mutations or differences from the control, then use IGI.  If experiments interrogate the effects of a single mutation or 
 difference from the control, then use IMP.
 The IGI evidence code requires curators enter a stable database identifier for the interacting entity in the With/From field of the 
 Gene Association File (GAF).  Independent interactors may be captured in the With/From field by separating each entry with a pipe.  
 If the interaction experiment involves multiple perturbations simultaneously, e.g. triply mutant strains, then the respective 
 interactors are separated with a comma.
 Genetic interactions such as suppression, enhancement, synergistic (synthetic) interactions, etc.
 This use of the IGI evidence code refers to the more “traditional” genetic interaction experiments performed in model organisms, 
 such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae, as well as more recent approaches adopted in a number of different systems such as 
 RNA-mediated knockdown or genome editing techniques.  Note that genetic interaction experiments may be performed with both loss- 
 and gain-of-function mutations.  Consequently, curators will need to use their expertise to determine whether interaction 
 phenotypes resulting from gain-of-function mutations are informative about the normal, wild type role of a gene or gene product. 
 Example 1: Double loss-of-function mutations resulting in enhancement of a mutant phenotype
 Localized cell wall degradation is essential for proper cell fusion in the fission yeast, Schizosaccharomyces pombe.  This 
 process is accomplished by the localized action of degradative enzymes including several distinct glucanases that act on different
 polysaccharides.  Deletion of multiple glucanases in S. pombe results in decreasing efficiency of cell fusion indicating that
 each enzyme contributes additively to this process.
 exg3  fungal-type cell wall disassembly involved in conjugation with cellular fusion (GO:1904541) PMID:25825517 IGI agn2
 agn2  fungal-type cell wall disassembly involved in conjugation with cellular fusion (GO:1904541) PMID:25825517 IGI exg3
 Example 2: Gain-of-function mutation  
 The response to axonal injury requires the activities of MAP kinase and cAMP signaling pathways that are required, for example, for 
 signaling growth cone formation.  In C. elegans, the activity of the upstream-most kinase in one of the MAPK signaling pathways, 
 DLK-1, is stimulated by Ca2+ influx mediated by the EGL-19 voltage-gated calcium channel.  EGL-19’s regulatory role in the 
 MAPK-mediated axon regeneration pathway was determined, in part, through doubly mutant animals containing an egl-19 hypermorphic  
 mutation that results in occasional action potentials with significantly prolonged plateau phases and a dlk-1 loss-of-
 function mutation that showed a reduced axon regenerative response when compared to egl-19 alone.  
 EGL-19  positive regulation of MAPK cascade involved in axon regeneration (GO:1904922)  PMID:20203177  IGI  DLK-1
 Note that in this example, reciprocal IGI annotations are not made, as the GO term selected for EGL-19 does not make sense for 
 DLK-1.
 Example 3: Synergistic (synthetic) interactions
 Disruption of the MSB2 gene in S. cerevisiae has no appreciable effects on the cell's ability to activate the High-Osmolarity 
 Glycerol (HOG) pathway upon osmotic stress, or on cellular growth on high-osmolarity media.  To identify potential osmosensors in 
 the SHO1 branch of the HOG pathway, the authors screened for a mutant that is osmosensitive only in an msb2Δ background and 
 recovered mutations in the HKR1 gene.  Like MSB2, mutations in HRK1 alone confer no osmosensitivity to the cells.  
 MSB2  hyperosmotic response (GO:0006972) PMID:17627274  IGI  HKR1
 HKR1  hyperosmotic response (GO:0006972) PMID:17627274  IGI  MSB2
 Co-transfection experiments
 Co-transfection experiments include those experiments where two or more gene products are expressed in a heterologous system, such 
 as a cell line, for the purposes of interrogating a functional interaction between them.
 In C. elegans, the response to dauer pheromone, a mixture of small molecules, is mediated by G protein-coupled receptors 
 (GPCRs).  Genetic analysis has implicated two GPCRs, SRBC-64 and SRBC-66, in a signaling pathway that responds to specific
 components of dauer pheromone.  To assess the biochemical role of SRBC-64 and SRBC-66, the gene products were expressed singly or
 in combination in HEK293 cells.  Only when expressed in combination were the GPCRs able to enhance forskolin-stimulated cAMP
 production. 
 SRBC-64 G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway (GO:0007186) PMID:19797623 IGI SRBC-66
 SRBC-66 G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway (GO:0007186) PMID:19797623 IGI SRBC-64
 Expression of one gene affects the phenotype of a mutation in another gene
 These types of experiments are described in various ways in the published literature, but generally involve expressing a wild-type
 copy of one gene in the background of a mutation in a second, different gene to determine if the expressed gene can mask the
 phenotype of the mutated gene.  The two genes may or may not be from the same species.  When genes from different species are 
 analyzed it is often with the intent of demonstrating functional conservation between species.
 Genes from different species
 Example
 C. elegans contains two genes, lgg-1 and lgg-2, with sequence similarity to the Saccharomyces cerevisiae ubiquitin-like 
 protein Atg8 that is required for autophagosome biogenesis.  Transformation of lgg-1, but not lgg-2, into atg8 deletion mutants
 in nitrogen starvation medium results in increased survival compared to atg8 mutants alone, indicating that lgg-1 can functionally 
 complement budding yeast atg8.
 lgg-1 (C. elegans) macroautophagy (GO:0016236) PMID:20523114 IGI atg8 (S. cerevisiae)
 For these annotations, the With/From column should list the identifier for the endogenous gene that is complemented by the 
 heterologously expressed gene being annotated. In annotations from cross-species functional complementation experiments, the gene 
 referred to in the With/From column will thus be from a different species than the gene being annotated.
 Different genes from the same species
 Example
 The planar cell polarity pathway is critical for a number of biological processes including epidermal wound repair.  Activity of 
 the GRHL3 transcription factor is essential for efficient wound repair in mice and human cell lines.  Wound repair requires 
 activation of the RhoA small GTPase to effect the cellular polarization, actin polymerization and epidermal migration critical to 
 wound closure.  The gene encoding the RhoGEF RhoGEF119, a RhoA GTPase activator, is a transcriptional target of GRHL3, and 
 RHOGEF119 activity is also required for wound repair.  Expression of human RhoGEF119 in human Grhl3-kd cell lines rescues the 
 actin polymerization defects resulting from loss of Grhl13, indicating a role for RhoGEF119 in regulation of actin cytoskeletal
 organization during wound repair.
 ARHGEF19 positive regulation of actin cytoskeleton organization (GO:0032956) PMID:20643356 IGI GRHL3
 GRHL3 positive regulation of actin cytoskeleton organization (GO:0032956) PMID:20643356 IGI ARHGEF119
 Note that rescue experiments may be used to help determine the order in which gene products act within a biological pathway or 
 process.
 Different genes from the same species
 Localized assembly of a filamentous actin (F-actin) network at the leading edge of D. discoideum cells is required for proper 
 chemotaxis towards the cAMP chemoattractant.  The organization of actin filaments is regulated by intracellular pH; an increase in
 pH is necessary for chemotaxis and required the Na+/H+ exchanger Ddnhe1.  Expression of DdAip1, the D. discoideum 
 ortholog of Actin-interacting protein 1, suppresses the chemotaxis defect of Ddnhe1 mutants by restoring the F-actin netowrk, 
 thus illustrating DdAip1's role in actin filament polymerization. 
 aip1 actin filament polymerization (GO:0030041) PMID:20668166 IGI nhe1
 
 When NOT to use IGI
 A mutation in one gene product affects some property of another gene product - use annotation extensions
 Some experiments assess a functional interaction between one or more gene products by examining the effects that mutations in one
 gene have on the properties of another.  These types of experiments are annotated using the IMP (Inferred from Mutant Phenotype) 
 evidence code and the target, or affected gene product, may be captured as an Annotation Extension.  The key here is that the 
 genetic perturbation is directed at only one of the gene products in the experiment.   
 For example, treatment of cells with GSK3B  antagonists results in nuclear accumulation of the GATA6 transcription factor.  This 
 experiment indicates that GSK3B negatively regulates GATA6 localization.   
 GSK3B negative regulation of protein localization to nucleus (GO:1900181) PMID:23624080 transports_or_maintains_localization_of 
 GATA6
 Expression of a gene is used to restore the normal function of the same gene
 Evidence for a gene's role in a given biological process can be evaluated by expression of a wild-type copy of the gene to "rescue" 
 the phenotype of a mutation in that gene.  These experiments, since they involve the same gene, are not considered genetic
 interactions and may instead be used to support an IMP annotation.
 For example, loss-of-function mutations in the C. elegans phosphoinositol-5-phosphatase inpp-1 exhibit defective Ca2+ 
 signaling in the AWA chemosensory neuron in response to odorant stimulus.  Expression of inpp-1 from a genomic fosmid clone
 or from an AWA-specific promoter restores the wild-type AWA-mediated odorant response. 
 inpp-1 response to odorant (GO:1990834) IMP
 Expression of a miRNA's effects on a target gene via a reporter assay"
 A reporter assay is a common way to determine the target(s) of a miRNA. The 3'UTR of an mRNA containing specific miRNA binding sites 
 fused to a reporter gene is transfected into cells together with the miRNA. If the mRNA is a bona fide target the miRNA binds to and 
 reduces the expression of the reporter gene.  The assay is assessing the action of the miRNA on the target, not how the two entities 
 work together to affect some process, therefore the evidence code should not be IGI. Since the effect of the miRNA can be determined 
 without any perturbation, the evidence code used is IDA. Often the authors will perform a perturbation experiment as well, but this 
 is not required to see the effect of the miRNA on the target.
 For example, in luciferase reporter assays with a construct containing a full-length Snai1 3′UTR sequence, miR-133 transfection 
 strongly repressed the luciferase activity by 60%. Mutations of either predicted miR-133-binding site in the Snai1 3′UTR reduced the 
 responsiveness to miR-133, which was almost absent with mutations of both sites, suggesting direct binding of miR-133 to both sites 
 (Fig​.4C).
 Human miR-133a  mRNA binding involved in posttranscriptional gene silencing (GO:1903231) PMID:24920580 IDA has_direct_input SNAI1
 Human miR-133a  gene silencing by miRNA (GO:0035195) PMID:24920580 IDA regulates_expression_of SNAI1